Access the Effects of the Spanish Settlement in Hispaniola...

For the first ten years of colonization, Hispaniola was the only colony in the Caribbean where the Spanish settled. In the 16thcentury, Hispaniola was the centre of the Spanish colonial system in the Caribbean. It was known as the Pearl of the Caribbean. Just like in the other colonies, the Tainos thought that the Spaniards were gods and welcomed them into their villages. Columbus believed that Hispaniola had gold and forced the Tainos to work in the mines. Columbus also made the Tainos pay the Spanish a tribute to satisfy both the Crown’s and the settler’s greed for gold, and to obtain food for his settlement. It was easy to take control of the Tainos as they assumed that if they pleased the ‘gods’ that they would be richly rewarded in†¦show more content†¦It was the Spaniard’s new way of controlling the Tainos. The local magistrate was in charge of allocating labour for each conquistador. The imposition of tributes on the Taino’s ca n be argued to be the first form of slavery. The concept was that the Tainos were forced to do low-paid or unpaid labour for a certain number of weeks or months each year on Spanish-owned farms and mines. It is argued that the repartimiento was the first form of slavery. Even though the Tainos were not stated as owned, they were free in various respects and the work was alternating. The needs of the Tainos were ignored and they were punished severely. Some of the native communities that were located near to Spanish settlements also had to give up a percentage of their people to work in agriculture, construction of houses and streets and as part of the labour force. Columbus could not control this labour system as the Tainos resisted against the system. Some of the Tainos escaped from the repartimiento by leaving their communities and looked for wage labour elsewhere. Other signed contracts (asientos) which lasted six months to a year and required the workers to be paid a salary, pr ovided living quarters and religious services during the time. When Nicolà ¡s de Ovando became governor of Hispaniola in 1502, he brought with him a stabilized labour system; the encomienda system. The theory of this

Why Everybody Is Mistaken About Essay Topics for General Knowledge Test

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Global Standards IFRS Case Study @Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: Question 1 On 9 September 2015 Michel Prada, Chairman, IFRS Foundation Trustee gave a speech entitled The Success criteria of global standards. This outlined 3 areas for the success criteria of global standards namely:- A clear and supported purpose Global standards must be widely used and applied consistently Global Standards must deliver benefits A copy of this speech is available on SunSpace VLE. Required In the conclusion he stated that In summary, evidence shows that all three criteria for global accounting standards are being met. Critically evaluate this conclusion. Question 2 By using the regulatory discussions and relevant international accounting standards (IASs) which are taught in the module APC311, you are required to provide a critical evaluation of the following area of financial reporting. Accounting for Noncurrent Assets looking at the specific area of depreciation Answers: Answer 1: Global Standards or standards for Financial Reporting or IFRS is a set or group of guidelines on how a firm presents and prepares its accounting information or the results of all its transactions and statements of its assets and liabilities. The history of the project of implementing the international financial reporting standards has its way back to 15 years when the project of establishing and implementing the international financial reporting standards was added to the agenda of IFRS. The foundation for IFRS was established to develop the set of standards which ensure preparation of globally accepted, understandable, accountable and highly standardized financial statements. (Barnier, , Hill, 2014) International financial reporting standards were developed with a clear purpose of bringing efficiency in the money markets all over the world through transparent financial reporting. The transparent accounting through these standards increases and develops trust among the stakeholders and brings stability in the worldwide economy. It enhances the sustained quality of the preceding standards by including accounting rules that the global stage on accounting accepts. This fosters trust among the stakeholders, economists, corporate by ensuring stability and growth in the world economy. The basic aim of the standards is to provide clear and true picture regarding the capital and money that the investors and other market participants provides to the market. Further, these standards has the purpose of ensuring the management accountability and providing information to the regulators so that they can strengthen the regularity and compliance in the global markets to build and create more tru st among the investors and can assure the compliance of various rules and regulations that the market is bound to comply. (Barnier, Hill, 2014) Further, international financial reporting standards help investors to analyze and study the market, thereby, creating opportunity to identify risks which prevails in the market which ensures and results in allocation of capital in an efficient manner. The implementation of standards that are accepted on the global platform by the stakeholders, authorities, investors helps in reducing the international reporting cost and breaking down the limits of the territorial markets and providing the privilege of investing and financing in a market which is global and limitless with vast opportunities of creating wealth and enhancing growth. International financial reporting standards provides direction for measuring the financial performance of the company and these standards are a reliable measure to make comparisons in the financial performance and due to the explicit feature of standard accounting across the globe, it also lowers the cost of capital. International financial reporting standards were developed with a view to bring the financial reporting on the global platform and to a large extent, the objective has been met. The international data shows that more than 80% of the countries have adopted IFRS and the adoption is not voluntarily, rather it is compulsorily. The remaining few are on the way to adopt these standards and furthermore, in some countries, companies with a perspective of being global have commenced their reporting on the basis of the international standards globally. If we come to examples, then Japanese Companies forming 20 per cent of the Japanese capital market have officially announced their plans to adopt international financial reporting standards. Further, India has compulsorily and legally applied usage of Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-AS) by all the listed companies from the year 2016. Ind-AS are locally developed accounting standards which are fully aligned with international financial reporting standards, thereby, replacing the previously used Accounting Standards (AS). In China, Chinese Companies forming 20 per cent of the Chinese capital market has officially announced their plans to adopt international financial reporting standards; the advantage of dual listing in the Hong Kong was one of the reasons behind this adoption. Further, United States is the largest overseers of the IFRS complied financial statements of a large number of foreign investors which are reported to United States Securities and Exchange Commission and U.S., since inception of the standards has been a supporter of Japanese Companies forming 20 per cent of the Japanese capital market have officially announced their plans to adopt international financial reporting standards implementation. Thus, the globe will pretty soon be completely shaded with the colour of IFRS compliant countries. (Barnier, Hill, 2014) Most of the reviewers during the whole process of transition to the implementation of global standards for financial reporting have a positive attitude towards the standards. The enhanced quality and greater consistency in financial reporting standards have been of benefits to both the companies and the investors. IFRS have always been helpful to the European investors and these standards provide encouragement to the remaining jurisdictions. The limitations that may arise in the implementation of international financial reporting standards are that the cost of transition to IFRS is huge and the benefits of the transition will not be seen immediately, rather, it will be seen at a later point as the harmonization and consistency of the standards will take time. Further, when it comes to application of international financial reporting standards to the small and medium entities, they will not be largely benefitted as these entities will be hit by large transitional cost and will need expert manpower to sustain the changes and the consistency in the reporting arising out of implementation of these standards. Further, it will be difficult for the companies to absorb the huge transitional cost. (Rafael, n.d.) The other issues involved are non-recognition of extraordinary loss or gain and the accounting of assets and liabilities on fair value basis. Adoption of IFRS will result in the monopoly of International Accounting Standards Board as the sole body of structuring and implementing accounting standards. Michel Prada was correct in concluding his speech concluding that the international financial reporting standards have met the criteria for adoption as global standards as: The worldwide demand of a set of standards that are global and common for all the countries for financial reporting have been fulfilled by implementation of global standards. The purpose of similar and a group of standards for international companies have been met and the desire of the reduced capital and reporting cost has been fulfilled. The clear and stated purpose of a market with efficient capital allocation and a common economic platform which could help in a more trustworthy environment of finance and a stable and growing money market with the ability of raising capitals cross border due to proper transparency and compliance fulfilled environment has been met. European market has seen tremendous growth with much increased number of foreign investors increasing the market base and capitalization. The initiative for commitment to convergence has made the existing standards compatible and the work is more coordinated and the financial information is aligned with the global standa rds. (Prada, 2015) International financial reporting standards are the guidelines that have gained tremendous success in a very short time. These standards have been adopted by a large proportion of companies. Many countries have seen the promising results in the interest of their industries, investors from the implementation of IFRS. All the international authorities and regulatory have already shifted to international financial reporting standards for promoting this standard platform of financial reporting. Countries have established mechanisms for adoption of international financial reporting standards either formally through national law or through legislative and regulatory authorities or through voluntarily or individual jurisdiction of the company. Some have introduced this convergence either as a compulsion or some have introduced the adoption over a transitional period. Review reports have showed that the compliance mechanisms should ensure that the financial statements should be in full compl iance with the standards. The countries which have not adopted the standards are responding the assertions and the variations that they come through the adoption of international financial reporting standards as single set of financial standards. The IFRS should be seen with hopes and intentions. As per the data of IFRS foundation, the companies which have adopted international financial reporting standards as their reporting standards contribute to the worlds gross development product to the extent of 56 per cent. (Prada, 2015) The benefits of adopting International Financial reporting standards have been seen by various developed economies of the world and the world as a whole, the adoption has improved the economic networks and the direct benefits, and the direct benefits that are accruing due to adoption are both in the form of economic and political value, the capital flows and the trade has become more globalized and flexible. It has become easy for market participants and the investors to understand analyze and study financial statements that are similar and standardized. The adoption of IFRS attracted huge amounts of cross border investments in various economies, ranging to the extent of $23.5 trillion. However, it has been seen that countries which are culture sensitive in trades are much likely to adopt global standards, like if the countries with which they trade usually, then the country is much keen to adopt these standards. Evidences shows that the adoption of international financial reporting standards has improved the citizen wealth, international harmonization in financial information and the governance policies and lowered the auditing cost. (Prada, 2015) Answer 2: Non current assets, often termed as long term assets are the assets which an organization expects to hold for a period exceeding one year and which is of economic benefits to the organization and which is not held for sale and which is not expected to be converted to cash within one year. The assets whose full value will not be realized in one accounting year are also termed as non current assets. However, non current assets are not exclusively defined; non current assets have been given a residual definition in International Accounting Standard 1: The presentation of financial statement. The explicit property which distinguishes any asset as current or non current is that any asset which is a part of a normal operating cycle would never be considered as non current asset even if such asset is held for a period of more than 12 months or period beyond the reporting period. Further, this classification of asset can take place on the basis of nature of usage and the nature of business, the owner of the asset carries on, for example, office furniture owned by automobile distributor is a non current asset while if similar furniture will be owned by a manufacturer of furniture, it will be classified as inventory. Non current assets are assets which are permanent in nature and which are expected to produce benefits for the organization. (Accounting Tools, n.d.) For the purpose of accounting, non current assets are basically classified into two parts, out of which one part is the accounting for property, plants and equipment which are expected to provide future benefits, which are a form of non current assets only and the second part is the accounting for non current assets held for sale or disposal. International Accounting Standard 16 itself defines the equipments, plants and properties that are held for production or future benefits and the benefits are expected to arise for more than one period. (Deloitte, n.d.) During the initial phase of a non current asset, the asset is accounted for and recorded at cost in the financial statement, where cost includes the purchase price of the asset, the directly attributable cost of the asset and the costs incurred to install the asset, to bring it into a condition where it can be put to use and all the taxes, duties which have been paid and which are non refundable in nature. Direct attributable costs are the costs which will not be incurred in case the asset is not brought into the existence. Some examples of such cost are installation cost, site preparation cost, delivery costs, set up costs and cost of any professional to be hired for running the asset. (Deloitte, n.d.) Subsequently, the non current asset may be evaluated and accounted for at the value obtained by using any of the two alternative approaches which are the cost approach or the revaluation approach. However IFRS 5, the assets which are held for disposal will not be depreciated and will not be accounted by any of the two alternative approaches mentioned above, i.e., the cost approach or the revaluation model. Further, such assets will be shown separately. Such assets will be accounted in the disposal group if the asset is available for sale and the organization is committed to sell the asset. All the classification, presentation, measurement stated in IFRS 5 also applies to non current assets. (Deloitte, n.d.) Any asset is depreciated over the life of the asset as per International Accounting Standard 16. Depreciation is the difference between the cost of any asset and the residual value of the asset, which is systematically allocated over the effective life of asset where effective life of the asset is the expected life of the asset over which an asset will produce economic benefits for the entity and the residual value is the estimated value which an asset is expected to recover if the asset is sold at the current point of time after deducting the cost of disposal of the asset. Depreciation is a non cash expenditure which symbolizes the economic consumption of the asset over its effective life. The method of depreciation should be such that ensures systematic allocation of consumption of economic benefits over the life of the assets. Para 62 of International Accounting Standard 16 provides a variety of method of depreciation. (Deloitte, n.d.) The assets which are to be depreciated are to be grouped under same classification, like roof, parking lots shall be grouped under building and engines, frames shall be grouped under aircraft. The assets which cannot be grouped significantly may be grouped together and depreciated together. The depreciation method can be selected on the basis of the pattern in which the economic benefits will flow to the entity. The method of depreciation may be the straight line method, reducing balance method and the usage method. In the straight line method of depreciation, the asset is expected to produce uniform benefit throughout the life of the asset. The amount of depreciation under this method is calculated by dividing the difference between cost of asset and the residual life of asset by the effective life of the asset. Reducing balance methods is somewhat similar to the life cycle of the product where the benefits arising from a product shrink as the time passes; similarly, under reducing balance method, the depreciation claim is higher in initial years and it lowers as the time passes. This method of depreciation is applied by using a percentage rate which is applied to the cost of the asset to work out the amount of depreciation. The usage method of depreciation uses the units of output to determine the claim of depreciation to be accounted for. (Deloitte, n.d.) Non Current Assets Accounting: The accounting for non current assets as per the global standards is under the scope of the following reporting standards: IFRS 5 governs the assets held for disposal and discontinuing operations which defines the non current asset and provides accounting for the assets which are available for sale. (Deloitte, n.d.) International Accounting Standard 16 covers property, plant and equipment within its purview which states that these assets are also non current asset and provides for the accounting of any asset both initially and subsequently and depreciation charge on such assets. (Deloitte, n.d.) International Accounting Standard 23 covers borrowing cost and states that the cost of borrowing for financing any asset will be covered in the cost of that asset. International Accounting Standard 36 regarding impairment of assets which provides for impairment of value of any asset which is held for disposal or where the going concern assumption is violated, i.e., the value of the asset is reduced to the recoverable amount. (Deloitte, n.d.) International Accounting Standard 20 for Government Grants which provides for reducing the carrying amount or the book value of any asset if any grant by government or any other organization is received against such asset. (Deloitte, n.d.) Recognition and measurement: Any item shall be recognised as non current asset if such item is expected to provide economic benefits to the entity for a period more than one accounting period and the risks and rewards from the assets are expected to arise only to the entity and such asset is owned by the entity. (Deloitte, n.d.) Initial Recognition and Measurement of Non Current Asset: Cost of Purchase xxx Add: Direct attributable Cost (Installation Cost Site Preparation Cost, and Professional Fees) xxx Add: Cost of restoring the site xxx Less: Government Grant/ Subsidy xxx Cost of Asset xxx The Asset will be initially recognised at the cost arrived as above. Subsequent Recognition and Measurement: Once the asset has been recognised, then the asset will be recognised at the carrying value, i.e., the value at which the asset has been initially recognised deducted by the incidental impairment and depreciation calculated by any of the following suitable method selected by the entity: Straight Line Method: Depreciation = Cost of Asset Residual Value Life of Asset Reducing Balance Method: Depreciation = Value of Asset or Value of Group * Rate of Depreciation Usage Method: Depreciation: Value of Asset * Number of Units produced by the asset Total number of units asset is expected to produce Further, if the revaluation method is opted for subsequent recognition of the asset, then the recognition of the asset should be at the fair value, if the fair value can be reliably estimated and the revaluation gain should be credited to equity and the revaluation loss shall be recognized as an expense. (Silivia, n.d.) De-recognition of the Asset: The assets are de-recognised when the assets are expected to provide no economic benefits to the entity and the asset is disposed off. The gain or loss thereby arising is recorded in the income statement. (Silivia, n.d.) Disclosures: International Accounting Standard 16 provides for the following disclosures (Silivia, n.d.): The basis on which the carrying amount is measured Depreciation method Expected life of the asset Accumulated Depreciation Impairment Loss, if any Reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and the end of the period. References: Prada, M, September, 2015, Introductory remarks: The success criteria of global standards, Viewed on 10/01/2016, https://www.ifrs.org/Alerts/Conference/Documents/2015/Michel%20Prada%20speech%20Eurofi-Sept%202015-FINAL.pdf Prada, M, September, 2015, successful criteria of global standards, Viewed on 10/01/2016, https://www.iasplus.com/en/news/2015/09/prada Barnier, MM, Hill, LJ, October, 2014, IFRS, Viewed on 10/01/2016, https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/consultations/2014/ifrs/docs/contributions/individuals-and-others/ifrs-foundation_en.pdf Rafael, C, n.d., Challenges of IFRS Adoption Amongst SMEs, Viewed on 10/01/2016, https://www.academia.edu/8052302/CHALLENGES_OF_IFRS_ADOPTION_AMONGST_SMES_IN_NIGERIA Accounting Tools, n.d., Non Current Assets,Viewed on 11/01/2016, https://www.accountingtools.com/noncurrent-asset Deloitte, n.d., IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations, Viewed on 11/01/2019, https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ifrs/ifrs5 Deloitte, n.d., IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment, Viewed on 11/01/2016, https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias16 Deloitte, n.d., IAS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, Viewed on 11/01/2016, https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias20 Deloitte, n.d., IAS 36 Impairment of Assets, Viewed on 11/01/2016, https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias36 Silivia, M, n.d., IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment, Viewed on 11/01/2016, https://www.ifrsbox.com/ias-16-property-plant-and-equipment/

NIMS and ICS Models benefits to the State

Introduction When a distress call comes and someone needs your help you, as the person in charge of a department related to disaster management, are tasked with formulation of a response on how you can help or contain the impending or the ongoing disaster. Thus, it is very important to have good communication and coordination for the disaster to be managed successfully.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on NIMS and ICS Models benefits to the State-Level Homeland Security Procedure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the times, many people overlook the need to have a coordinated system as most assume that a disaster may never occur to them. The people involved in both ends of the spectrum needs to find a way of communicating so as to enable the disaster manager to plan for the best mitigation processes. As Hicks (2006) states, â€Å"The problem is that many business and industrial sites engage in emergen cy planning without the inclusion of the emergency responders.†(p6) The lack of involvement as has been experienced in the past has led to reduced communication and coordination in cases of disasters leaving manageable crisis destroying property worth millions and losses of lives in some situations. To control and avoid the re-occurrence of disasters due to low (or none) communication and coordination experienced in the past within the country, the president saw the importance of every party involved working together and thus issued a directive to the formation of NIMS as developed by the Department of Homeland Security. The ICS Model: (Incident Command System) Back in 1971 the state of California was faced with issues on how they could coordinate in the issues of wild land fire fighting and thus they developed the ICS model. They created an organization by the name of FIRESCOPE (Firefighting Resources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies). The organization covere d essential requirements in managing the problematic incidents by creating a team effort with the aim of solving problems that may arise in the future. The ICS has been refined, improved, and adopted in the other American states but its basic goals have always remained the same.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More NIMS Model: (National Incident Management System) This a system that provides a national platform to enable all the concerned stakeholders be it the federal, state, country or even the village private and non private sectors work together in an effort to respond, prepare or even prevent a disaster regardless of the nature of the disaster itself (Naake, 2003). The main goals of NIMS as stated by Hicks (2006) were to â€Å"Make standardized procedures, planning, training, and exercising; qualify emergency personnel; make communication systems and procedures interoperabl e and establish information and communication technologies.† (p6) The above systems have helped in adding accountability, transparency and systematic coordination among the relevant departments in the United States in case of occurrence of any disaster. The Advantages of Communication and Information Management Systems: Since the communication language is the same it ensures consistency in the response thus helping business or other parties that may be in need of help recover fast as it allows them to communicate their problems and concerns at all the necessary levels. When communication and coordination is integrated, the responding departments will manage the disasters in a way that reduces interruption of the business, time for recovery and also the recovery costs will be minimal preventing incurring of big losses. The ICS and the NIMS systems also enhance greater efficiency as they are specifically designed to direct and coordinate efforts in the event of a disaster or a c risis of any type. The coordination among the different departments for example in case of fire, a quick response from the cops, the medics and the fire fighting department within a state can help save lives and salvage properties in the verge of consumption by the fire. Thus, by using similar language terminologies, the involved parties are able to respond and understand the needs of the other parties thus a quicker action is taken to control the disaster. Management of Resources The coordination and oversight of equipments, procedures, and required systems that usually provide the disaster manager with timely and enough resources during an incident is all resource management entails during disaster management. The procedure involves describing, recording, requesting (if not available), and keeping a close eye on how the resources are used before, during, and after an incident.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on NIMS and ICS Models benefits to the State -Level Homeland Security Procedure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The improved communication system also allows for faster mobilization, allocation, use and recalling of some of the needed resources during a crisis while at the same time reducing the time needed in accessing any required aid and assistance resources. It is a very important task as it can make or destroy everything involved. Multi Agency Coordination The combination of equipment, personnel and procedures among other processes into a common system that allows the integration between the local and even the state emergency units in case a crisis occurs and external assistance is needed is a major benefit of the ICS/ NIMS systems. Coordination of activities and prioritization of demands needed or competing made by the distress callers is another major advantage. The multi agency coordination also enhances in the identification of future resources that may be needed in ma naging a disaster and also strategic coordination among the states, tribes, and even the countries (FEMA, 2004). Conclusion Disaster management is a major issue that need to be looked into although most of the times people overlook it. With the increasing risks of disasters occurring, for example, due to fire or terrorism activities we can conclude that the United States of America authorities have been looking into this matter as can be evidenced by the introduction of the ICS and the NIMS systems, which aid in communication and response between the respondents and disaster managers. If these two tools are used effectively, disaster management will be an easy task as there will be increased communication and coordination among the involved departments. Reference List FEMA. (2004). National Incident Management System (NIMS): An introduction. Web. Hicks, J. M. (2006). Introduction and Coordination of NIMS with our Business Community. Retrieved from  https://www.usfa.fema.gov/index. html Naake, E. L. (2003). National Incident Management System (NIMS) Guide for county officials. Retrieved from  https://nema.nebraska.gov/Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on NIMS and ICS Models benefits to the State-Level Homeland Security Procedure was written and submitted by user Eliza Hogan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Human Cloning2 essays

Human Cloning2 essays I have observed in my nineteen years of living that almost everyone in this society strives to be the same or like the popular culture. The average person is very materialistic, and strives for an appealing physical appearance. Artificiality is common in the popular culture. For example, dying of hair color, inserting color contacts, getting lyposuction, implants or removal of flaws on the body is prevalent. I strongly oppose human cloning primarily because I believe that humans already try to replicate themselves enough and having the same genes is not necessary. Plus, just because there may be two identical beings doesnt mean that they will behave the same. In this essay will explain how cloning is achieved, the benefits and dangers of human cloning, address my views on genetic discrimination, policies that I suggest to prevent abuses of genetic engineering, and why an exact clone an never be carried out. First, I will discuss how cloning is made possible. After several attempts, Professor Ian Wilmat and his partners successfully cloned "Dolly". Cloning is a very intricate process and it requires special equipment and modern technology. To begin, a cell is removed from the organism that is going to be replicated, also known as the donor. The cell is extracted by an incision in the skin, a sample of blood or even a piece of the actual skin. Next, the second reproductive cell is taken from the female organism. The entire deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is removed from the nucleus. (DNA contains all the information of heredity.) A small a mount of DNA is also removed from the donors cell nucleus. At this time, the donors DNA is forced into the second cells nucleus. This allows the two cells to be synonymous in terms of genes and DNA. Fussion is used to combine the two cells. At this point the carrier must be found, if it is not already present. The carrier is the female that wishes or is willing to give birth to the cloned baby....

Everything You Need to Know About F. Scott Fitzgerald

Everything You Need to Know About F. Scott Fitzgerald SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Curious about the man who created The Great Gatsby? Did you know that some of the events of this novel are actually based on things that happened to F. Scott Fitzgerald himself? This articlewillgive you a broad overview of Fitzgerald’s life, with a focus onthe autobiographical details that he laterworkedinto The Great Gatsby. Use this background on The Great Gatsby authorto further deepen your understanding of the novel, to connect it with the historical period that it's describing, and to better analyze the motivations of the characters. Fitzgerald’sEarly Life: Echoes of TheGreat Gatsby Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1896.When he was 15, Fitzgerald was sentto the Newman School, a prestigious boarding school in New Jersey. He stayed on theEast Coast to attend Princeton University, an Ivy League school. Fitzgerald was popular at Princeton. He did lots of creative writing for various student publications, including articles for the Princeton Tiger humor magazine and scripts for Triangle Club musicals. However, Fitzgerald’s extracurricular commitments caused him to neglect his studies, and even be placed on academic probation. Traveling home to St. Paul fromPrinceton in 1915, Fitzgerald met socialite Ginevra King. Beautiful, wealthy, and effortlessly charming, Ginevra was arguably the primary inspiration for Daisy Buchanan. Indeed, a recentlyunveiled collection of letters reveals how much Ginevracared for Scott, but alsoknew that she couldn’t marry a middle-class boy.In 1917, Fitzgerald dropped out of Princeton completely to join the army and fight in World War I (although he never actually saw action). A year later, Ginevra King wrote him a letter to tell him that she was engaged to marry another man. Fitzgerald was stationed inCamp Sheridan near Montgomery, Alabama. That’s where he met and fell in love with Zelda Sayre, the daughter of an Alabama Supreme Court judge. Zelda was another popular socialite, a free spirit who loved dancing, swimming, and partying. She also cared for Fitzgerald,but, like Ginevra, was wary of marrying a middle-class man without much money. The war ended in 1918 before Fitzgeraldwas ever deployed to Europe. He moved to NYC hoping to have a successful career in advertising and make enough money to convince Zelda to marry him. A few months later, hewent back to St. Paul to work on anovel. He also took a job repairing car roofs to help pay the bills. Fitzgerald's first novel, This Side of Paradise, published in 1920, was a semi-autobiographical account of his Princeton years, featuring the main character Amory Blaine, who is rejected by two wealthy girls. The novel was an overnight success, making 24-year-old Fitzgeraldone of the country’s most promising young writers. With his novel published and income assured, Scott married Zelda in NYC. They had a daughter named Frances soon after, in 1921, who would be their only child. Zelda remarked upon her birth â€Å"I hope she’s a fool, a beautiful little fool." Scott loved his new celebrity status and started living a really expensive lifestyle, which included lots of partying and traveling. In October 1922, the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck, a town on Long Island which served as the inspiration for West Egg in The Great Gatsby. Their neighbors were alsowealthy, famous, and veryâ€Å"new money.† Their contrast to the families in Port Washington, which sat across the bay from Great Neck, gave Fitzgerald the idea for the contrast between West Egg and East Egg in the novel. Ginevra King (left) and Zelda Fitzgerald (right) Biographical Similarities to Events in The Great Gatsby Like Fitzgerald, the novel's narrator Nick Carraway also grows up in the Midwest and then goes to college to an East Coast Ivy League school (although in Nick's case, it's Yale). Fitzgerald wrote for humorous publications at Princeton, while Nickdescribes aseries of â€Å"solemn and obvious editorials for the Yale News† (1.12). Gatsby's initial romance with Daisy is almost exactly what happened to Fitzgerald and Ginevra King. Gatsby meets Daisy Fay, a wealthy socialite, is unable to marry her because he is too poor, and leaves to fight in WWI only to have her marry Tom Buchanan. However, the way that Gatsby meets Daisy is similar to the way Fitzgerald met Zelda - while stationed at a military camp awaiting transfer orders to Europe. Unlike Nick and Jay, Fitzgerald never actually experienced fighting in WWI. After the war, Fitzgerald spent several months in New York trying to make it in the advertising business before coming back to St. Paul to write. Similarly, Nick spends a summer in New York trying to make it as a bond trader before coming back to the Midwest to write his memoir about Gatsby. Fitzgerald worked as a car mechanic while writing his first novel, which may have given him some insight into what George Wilson's life might be like. Zelda's comment on the birth of Frances Fitzgerald became one of Daisy Buchanan’s most famous lines in The Great Gatsby almost verbatim: "I'm glad it's a girl. And I hope she'll be a fool - that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool." (1.8) Fitzgerald's life on Long Island had shades of Gatsby's parties and extravagant lifestyle, as well as his feelings of inferiority when thinking about the old money crowd across the bay in East Egg. Remember: art only imitates, but doesn't duplicate life. The High Life: Writing The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald continued to work on his novels in between partying and writing short stories. In 1922, he published his second novel, The Beautiful and the Damned, about a socialite waiting to come into his fortune. This novel, with its meditations on morality, love, and decadence, officially marked Fitzgerald as one of the great writers of the wealth, ambition, and extravagance of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald began work on The Great Gatsby, his third novel, in June 1922. However, he was slowed down by debts, a move to the French Riviera, and conflicts with his wife. He really buckled down in 1924, telling his editor that Gatsby would be â€Å"a consciously artistic achievement† and a â€Å"purely creative work.† During thisperiod, Fitzgerald fell in with a famous group of modernists in Paris, including the novelist Ernest Hemingway and writer Gertrude Stein. The Great Gatsby was finally published in 1925. Despite Fitzgerald’s efforts, it was not as warmly received by critics as his previous two novels. It also failed to take off commercially. (Read our history of The Great Gatsbyfor more on how Gatsby was received in the 1920s.) End of Life: Fitzgerald's Unraveling After the publication of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald suffered from alcoholism, something he had struggled with since Princeton, and writer’s block. Meanwhile, Zelda suffered from mental health problems and was often institutionalized. (She was diagnosed as schizophrenic, though many modern historians believe she could have also suffered from bipolar disorder.) In 1934, Fitzgerald finally published Tender is the Night, his fourth novel, about an American psychiatrist living in Paris. He continued to struggle with alcoholism and depression. In 1937, he moved to Hollywood to be a screenwriter and revive his career. Though he madesome money, he was never a critical success (there aren’t any must-see Fitzgerald films). Fitzgerald began the novel Love of the Last Tycoon while in Hollywood but died in 1940, at age 44, from a heart attack, before he could finish it. An unfinished version was eventually published in 1941. What to Take From the Life ofThe Great GatsbyAuthor If you’ve already read The Great Gatsby, you’ll notice pretty big parallels in the story to Fitzgerald’s real life: the Midwestern upbringing and education of Nick, with the military experience and love life of Gatsby. Fitzgerald makes Nick Carraway the narrator, not Gatsby. This may suggest that Fitzgerald saw himself as someone like Nick – someone observing a much more extravagant lifestylefrom the outside, rather than participating like Gatsby. It’s also important to understand Gatsby was written during the precarious peak of Fitzgerald’s life – while he was famous and living an extravagant lifestyle but before the most serious struggles with alcoholism, depression, and debt. You can't really tie any of Fitzgerald’s (or Zelda’s) most intense struggles with alcoholism or mental illness to Gatsby – you’d have to focus on Tender is the Night or Love of the Last Tycoon to do that. Instead, Gatsby is the book that came at the height of the 1920s and Fitzgerald’s life before he began to seriously struggle with alcoholism and depression – but it still has a melancholy undertone that strongly hints at the struggles to come. Further Reading Biography.com: Get a more detailed overview of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s life, especially the later years. The New York Times: A feature that explores Scott and Zelda’s connection to Long Island and the possible Gatsby mansion inspiration. Princeton Alumni Weekly: Read more about Ginevra King, the possible inspiration for Daisy. What’s Next? Learn more about how The Great Gatsby was received when it first came out, and also read up about the 1920s so you can understand the economic, political, and cultural context of Gatsby. Excited to dive in? Check out our articles onGatsby’s title, its opening pages and epigraph, and itsfirst chapter. Or, zoom out first toa summary of The Great Gatsby, along with links to all ourgreat articles analyzing this novel! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Stabilo Company Report and Events Recommendations Coursework

Stabilo Company Report and Events Recommendations - Coursework Example The company’s culture is exemplified through their dedication in producing ground-breaking products and maintaining standards in their production processes. Stabilo has introduced the first colored copying pencil to the market, and has been a household name for the past 150 years. Unlike most companies, Schwan Stabilo allows its individual units to work independently in coming up with their own campaigns and events. Being a diversified company, under the Stabilo umbrella will be cosmetics, writing instruments and outdoor products. The company believes that within the individual units of its businesses, not only should each unit be independent but must also be initiative as well as innovative. The management, they believe, is not there to make remote decisions but is responsible for ensuring that the variety of corporate activities are according to the declared strategy and to ensure individual units will not be waylaid.Recently, the Schwan Stabilo group of companies declared t heir new mission to conserve raw material resources. The company plans to keep their carbon dioxide emissions into the environment be kept as minimal as possible during their production processes as part of their contribution to the environment.By collaborating with the international writing instrument company â€Å"Stabilo†, which is still under the same company umbrella, the company developed a tube that is 98% made from polypropylene waste. Polypropylene has been used in the medical technology and filter technology and after which.

Definition and Meaning of Leadership Research Paper

Definition and Meaning of Leadership - Research Paper Example Moreover, Kurt Lewin defined leadership as the "manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people" (271-299). In the Army, leadership is defined as "influencing people by providing purpose, direction, motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization." According to Patterns of Aggressive Behaviours, there was a group of researchers that identified different styles of leadership (271-299). Lewin's study recognized there major styles of leadership that have been very influential: 1) autocratic, 2) democratic, and 3) delegate. Groups of school children were allotted to one or three groups where researchers have observed their behaviors in response to the different styles of leadership. The autocratic or authoritarian leadership is well applied to conditions where there is limited time for group decision-making and the leader is the most educated and experienced member of the group (Lewin, 271-299). There is a clear distinction between the role of the leader and the followers. Authoritarian leaders make independent decisions with very little or no input from the rest of the group of what needs to be done when it should be done, and how it should be done. Thus, it was concluded by researchers that decision-making in authoritarian leadership was less creative. Lewin stated that moving from an authoritarian style to a democratic style is more difficult than vice versa. The abuse of this kind of leadership is viewed as controlling, bossy and dictatorial. The authoritarian style is usually used by leaders when employees need close supervision to carry out certain tasks. It occurs when leaders tell their employees what they want doing and accomplished, without getting the opinion of their followers. According to Lewin, participative leadership or the democratic kind, on the other hand, has a leader who encourages group members to participate and give their inputs (271-299). Lewin observed that members of the participative group were less productive than the members of the authoritarian group through the inputs were of higher quality and the members feel much more motivated and creative. A participative leadership style is where the leader, including one or more employees, are engaged in the decision-making process. Normally, this happens when the leader has a part of the information and the employees have the other parts. The leader and the employees work closely together to accomplish certain tasks. However, the leader maintains the final decision-making authority which the employees must learn to respect. Â  

Of Mice and men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and men Essay Memories? Yeah, Ive had plenty, seen men come an go on this ranch, so many I cant hardly remember them, but two stick in my mind like it was only yesterday, but must be near on twenty years ago oh Im Slim, I lead the mule team, sure does beat busting a gut bucking barley now where was I? Yeah, thats right these two guys Came in one Friday, Boss was sure mad cos they were late. Youve never seen such an odd pair George, he was small, neat, quick witted but Lennie, my was he huge! Funny thing was his name was Small! He was like a great bear and he wasnt too clever either. Funny how he and George strung along together. Anyway, they come in Friday, Boss had been given us hell all mornin! I was out on the fields when they came out. Candy was with them and seemed to be showing them around the barn. Lennie seemed excited bout somethin. George came over and introduced them, Hi, Im George and this big fella here is Lennie. Lennie then tried whispered something to George but I heard every word, George, George, ask him bout dem dogs, please George? George looked a bit embarrassed. Candy tells us you got some new born pups. If theres one goin spare, you reckon Lennie could have it? George asked. Yeah sure you can Lennie, I said Come by the barn later and you can pick one out. He went all shy, with a smile from ear to ear, almost like a little kid. Lennie came down to the barn after he had finshed buckin, he sure was on hell of a worker, and he picked out his Pup. I tried to explain that he shouldnt be taken out of the box , but the big bastard didnt take no notice of it, ha, gawd he must have been the stupidest guy I have ever met. Now where was I oh right, so Lennie had got his Pup an it must have been dusk so we all headed back to the bunkhouse, and little did we know how much was gonna happen that night. We sorry my throats a lil dry, could ya pour us a drink? Cheers. Ah, thats better. Anyway, me and George were headed back to the bunkhouse and I started talkin to George bout Lennie, He sure is some worker, aint he? I mean when you said he were a good worker, I thought you meant he just didnt complain, but by golly, he must have beat every bucker on the ranch, with one hand! George chuckled. If only he wasnt so stupid I could be livin a dream. He said and looked in to the stars. So, how come you travel with him, I mean I aint never seen no-one that looks out for anyone as much as you look out for him. He looked a lil taken back by that but he simply answered, I promised his aunt I would look after him, an by god Ive had too. But he will do anything I tell him too, George started to smile, I once told him too jump in a river, and I knew he couldnt swim but he still did it and nearly drowned cos o me. Ever since then I havent done anything to him that might hurt him. He stared into the ground, almost as if he regretted doin that to him. I broke the silence, So, how come youve ended up here? I asked. He didnt want to tell me, I could tell by his face, but I think he new that he could trust me. You wont tell no-one, will ya? He asked Course I wont I replied Well He started off, We were working in weed, and Lennie was settin under some trees havin a break cos we had finished our morning load in an hour and a half. He smiled with a great sense of pride, Then one of the bosss daughters came over and started talkin to him, and the stupid bastard ended up touchin her dress and the dumbass didnt let go. The daughter ended up shoutin Rape, rape! everyone looked over and saw a girl strugglin with a guys hands all over her. I literally had to smack the big guy to get him off her. We then had to run for a lives. We ended up squatin in a river in some reeds. They went straight past us an never saw us, but there still after us. Luckily I think thats about 100 miles away, thank god. He sighed with relief. Lennie then brought this puppy into the bunkhouse, George, George look at da puppy, Slim gave it to me. George turned aroun and went psycho at him, Lennie, you dumb bastard! You gotta leave the pup in the box with its mum other wise your gonna kill im! Do you wanna kill him? Do ya? Lennie cowered away into the corner. Of course not George. Ill put him back straight away now, He ran out, an nearly hit his head on the top door, ha. Candy then cam in the bunkhouse. He was an old guy, busted his arm and had to stay there, or so he said. He came in with his dog, which wouldnt be so bad, but the old thing stank. Carlson, one of the buckers, offered Candy an option, You should shoot that old dog, Candy. I mean hes no good to any of us. Candy looked at his dog, I couldnt shoot him, Candy said, Ive had him since he was a pup Why dont I shoot him then? Carlson asked, Ye, Ill take him out to the forest and jus shoot him in the back of his head. He wont feel a thing, I swear. Your probably puttin him through more torture keepin him alive than shootin him. A tear was wellin up in Candy. This pup was his only friend. Candy relented and Carlson took the dog and you then heard a shot in the distance. We all looked at Candy, he was starin at the wall. I offered him a new puppy but he didnt answer. Crooks, the niggah entered and told me tha Lennie was messin with the pups. George looked at me and told me to kick him out if hes causin trouble. I went off and made sure he werent doin nothin stupid. Well stupid even for him. I was in the stables, makin sure all the pups were alrigh after Lennie had been messin with em, when Curley came stormin in, shoutin something bout his wife. I didnt want notin to do with it so I went to the bunkhouse but he kept on about how his wife is always sneakin off without his permission, and how he suspected me of havin an affair with his bitch. Ha, if I ever had an affair, it would be with Marilyn Monroe rather than that tart. I went into the bunkhouse and he still wouldnt let it drop so I said to him, Curley, I would never even think about touchin your bitch, cos I dont like that type of tart. All then men a fallin bout laughin and joined in with havin a lil dig at Curley. Sadly though, Lennie was smiling about something, he was in his own lil world, but Curley saw him an thought he was laughin at him. What are you laughin bout you yellow bellied bastard? Curley was squarein up to him and Lennie didnt know what to do. You bastard! Curley smashed the poor fella round the face and knocked him over. Lennie just stood up and did nothing bout it. He looked at George and was screamin at him to make Curley stop. I knew George didnt want no trouble so he kept quiet, but Curley was smashin Lennies head in. Then suddenly George screamed, Get im Lennie! Get im! Then Lennie switched, he grabbed Curleys hand and just squeezed, looked as if he was killin the bastard. George was smackin im tellin im to let go but he wouldnt budge. Lennie had im about 2 ft off the ground. We had to pull the big fella off of Curley. I went over to see Curleys hand and Lennie had jus disintegrated the bone, twas jus skin, not a bone in it. I knew that George and Lennie would get their asss busted for this so I thought Id have a heart to heart wit Curley, I said, If this gets out, Lennies gonna get canned for it. But your reputation as a tough guy will be ruined as well. Now if you say your hand was caught in a machine, then we will say that too, but if you dont, we will ruin your reputation til nobodys gonna be scared o you, you got that? He nodded his head, whilst screamin, and I told the guys to take him to doctors fast. That, thank God, was the end of that night. The next day, notin too much happened. We went into town and Candy, Crooks and Lennie stayed at the ranch. Thankfully that was all that happen that day. Next day was the horseshoe tournament. I never used to be that good at them, but they sure were good fun. Crooks did tell me that Lennie was looking at his pup, but not doin anthin to harm em. We had jus finished the tournament and George went to get som water. He came back, but didnt look to good. I was jus gonna ask him if hes alrigh but then Candy came out of the stables waving his arms bout screamin that somthin had happened to Curleys wife. We all went to see what was wrong, and it werent a pretty site. She was layin on the hay, at first ya thought she were sleepin, but then ya noticed her neck was bent in a bad way. Curley didnt look much sad, more angry then shouted, Im gonna kill the son o a bitch! Everyone started to get agitated and some people started shoutin, Lets get im, and Ill go get ma gun! George had gone real pale and Curley said to im, Your gonna stick wit me, so I don think you were involved, alrigh? George nodded. Curley told Crooks to get all the horses ready, seemed like it were a search party. Well it was but not the usual search party, it was more o a search an kill sorta party. Me, Curley, Carlson and George headed south whilst the others headed west, jus in case. I knew George knew where Lennie was, an we strayed away from Curley and co.. We ended up near this river and George said hell go in alone. I stood by some trees an saw everythin that happened. George went up to Lennie, pulled out Carlsons luger and told Lennie to look out toward the horizon. Lennie was smiling talkin to himself I think, George looked hesitant but found som courage and pulled the trigger. Lennie fell down the bank, and jus lay there. George walked over and didnt look to good. Curley and Carlson came over, makin up som story to tell the others. But I knew that George didnt wanna have to shoot Lennie, so I went and had a chat wit him. I simply said, It had to be done. He looked at me, and seemed glad that someone had said that to him, but still looked troubled. We got back to the ranch an everyone wanted to know what happened. Carlson was leading the story, and half of werent even real. The next couple o days was hard on George. He seemed to be in a completely different world, starin into space. He did get over it though, took him a couple o weeks, and he turned back to the ol George. God, that weekend was the longest weekend I have ever had.

Parenting in Haydn Middletons The Lie of The Land :: Haydn Middleton The Lie of The Land

Parenting in Haydn Middleton's The Lie of The Land There are many different ways to read The Lie of The Land, by Haydn Middleton. The subjects that can be approached in LOL are many, as is the different ways in which these subjects can be approached. We will look at this novel from a parental standpoint and look into the book and see the different aspects of parenting that Middleton incorporated into this novel. There are two main parental figures in this novel, David Nennius's wife, Melissa, and his mother, Mary. There were many themes that kept showing up with these two mothers. Middleton created two mother figures that landed in the same position, being a single parent, though through very different circumstances. Both mothers also had to move from a situation to protect their children. Neither of the boys knew their father, and both fathers were of questionable morals, one father being a rapist while the other father was a murderer. The themes mentioned above all flow together into one after reading The Lie of The Land. It is difficult to separate them because of how well Middleton sewed this story together, even though it is a story within a story. Therefore, the first two points of the women being single mothers and then moving to protect their children must go together. It is fascinating that Middleton chose to make both of these women single mothers. He created conflicts that forced both women to move their children to a safe place. Mary of course was almost forced into being a single parent because she chose to submit to the intruder rather than fight him, but it was her choice to submit. Mary could have fought him, but then there would have been no Nennius and therefore no story. Mary knew she had to move to protect her child as well as herself Being put into the time period of 20730 years ago, a child out of wedlock would have ostracized her and her son, so she did move out of necessity. Melissa made her choice to be a single mother by not seeing Nennius's side of what happened in the restroom (p. 192-194). As a person, let alone a parent, I feel most people could understand and even appreciate the reaction that Nennius had. I was applauding his reaction. Melissa was not so pleased, so chose to make herself a single parent for some time.

Teen Pregnancy by de Anthony Hall

The numbers of teen pregnancy are rapidly increasing due to mainly unsafe sexual behavior. Without the use of the protection, not only one STD’s a threat, but pregnancy hit hand. Teenagers these days take for granted the materials available to avoid getting into these predicaments. They do not realize at the moment the situations and consequences they would have while they are just living in the moment. How can society prevent the growing rate of teen pregnancy and help those who do become pregnant?Teen pregnancy is closely linked to a host of other critical social issues — poverty and income, overall child well-being, out-of-wedlock births, responsible fatherhood, health issues, education, child welfare, and other risky behavior. There are also substantial public costs associated with adolescent childbearing. Consequently, teen pregnancy should be viewed not only as a reproductive health issue, but as one that works to improve all of these measures.Simply put, if more children in this country were born to parents who are ready and able to care for them, we would see a significant reduction in a host of social problems afflicting children in the United States, from school failure and crime to child abuse and neglect. (www. thenationalcampaign. org) As a teen, finding out that you are pregnant is a life-changing and scary event. As a parent, finding out your teen is pregnant can both shock you and cause despair as you wonder, now what? Before this ever happens, you can help your teen learn important lessons on how to prevent teen pregnancy.Unfortunately, teen pregnancy is a nationwide problem. However, there are programs set up through the government and other organizations aimed at prevention. (www. pregnantteenhelp. org) In the United States, about one third of all births in recent years have been to unmarried women. Of teenagers who become pregnant, 26% have abortions, 22% marry before childbirth, and 52% have out-of-wedlock births, resulting in single-pregnant families (Eshleman and Bulcroft 2006). The rate of births to teenagers in the United States is among the highest in the world at 45. births per 1,000 females in the 15-to-19 age group (Health in Schools 2002), but since 1991 the rate has been dropping slowing with a 45% drop for African Americans teens. Society could help prevent the growing rate of teen pregnancy and help those who do become pregnant by opening up more health clinics, household and stability, and sex education. A health clinic is an excellent way to prevent teen pregnancy. They could give you the items a teen need to help prevent pregnancy. Such as condoms, birth control, and monthly check ups. Another way to prevent teen pregnancy is household and stability.If teens communicated with their parents this would be another great way to prevent pregnancy because they would teens would be comfortable talking to their parents about sex and what’s the consequences if they do chooses to have sex as a teen. Lastly, sex education is one of the best ways to prevent teen pregnancy. If teens have the information about sex and having kids, they would not want to have any sexual actives. They would learn about birth, STD’s, and the consequences of having a child being a teen. Such as trying to raise the child, health care, money, and support from family or friends.Teens that get pregnant sometimes don’t think about what’s going to happen in the long run. Most teens want have kids because they think it’s cool or popular, but not thinking they are hurting themselves. By their education because if you have a child coming out of high school you may don’t continue your education and go to college and that’s the last thing a new born needs a parent with no education. I believe that teen pregnancy is not the right choice in life because teens shouldn’t try to be adults at an early age because the lack of support.Teens should have the proper e ducation by graduating from high school and going to a university or a higher level education. Teen parents can’t rely on the government to support them their whole life. Now in the year 2010, teens are having children and can’t take care of themselves. Some are living off their parents and I believe that they are hurting their life. It’s mainly teens coming from urban areas. To prevent teen pregnancy I would seek help. I would go to the health clinic, talk to my parents, and make sure I have safe sex. I wish that many people thought the same as me but I know some people are against abortion and prolife.

Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay

For the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne the most explored theme of all his writings is the imperfect spirituality of man and the pervasiveness of sin throughout creation. Both of the stories under analysis here, Young Goodman Brown and The Minister’s Black Veil, feature a young reverend as the central character of the work and a Puritanical community in New England as the setting. Both of the tales are allegories centered on the ambiguity of human spirituality and on the ubiquity of sin in creation. Young Goodman Brown is an allegory about the deep mystery of sin, for which the author makes use of all available suggestive elements, from the setting- a deep and gloomy forest in New England, to the characters and their symbolic names- Goodman, an obvious hint at â€Å"good man†, and Faith, an equally transparent hint at religious faith, to other symbolic elements such as the staff resembling a wrinkled serpent, obviously the serpent in the Garden of Eden. Hawthorne approaches the idea of sin in his allegorical usual way, with conspicuous Biblical allusions, but also with deep psychological insight into the character’s soul and mind. He delves profoundly into human consciousness and the life of the mortal soul, highlighting the permanent conflicts between virtue and sin. In Young Goodman Brown we follow the main character on his intricate course through the dark and gloomy forest, reminding us of the Garden of Eden, and we are confronted with the grim temptations of sin in a vague, confusing setting, where the line dividing-line between dream and reality becomes very thin. It is Hawthorne’s own choice to leave the question as to whether the night’s confused events and the meeting of the community of witches was a dream or reality. Through this artifice, an essential problem is set forth- the result is that the reader has to wonder whether the sin and the fall into temptation belong to Goodman alone or whether the entire community is pervaded by sinfulness and immorality. The forest is thus a symbol for the human consciousness and for the spiritual life of man, and what Hawthorne undertakes to find out is whether everybody is actually lost on the paths of the spiritual, and which of the two –virtue or sin – is the true state of the spiritual life. Another important aspect is that in the midst of the gloominess of the forest meet for initiation into the lore of sinfulness, both the villagers who are commonly considered as virtuous and pious in everyday life, and are often set an example, and those members of the community who are normally viewed as sinners or criminals. Thus, the two main sides of spiritual life- virtue and sin are both mere appearances, whereas in the inner life of man they live together undisturbed. The Minister’s Black Veil is similar to Young Goodman Brown in many respects. Again, the centre of the story is the tormented consciousness of a young priest, who chooses to wear a symbolic black veil over his eyes, that prevents him from enjoying any kind of mortal happiness. In the end, the veil is seen as a symbol for the darkness and sinfulness that is hidden into the depths of human consciousness and that separates man from his fellows. As Goodman Brown typifies the average man, torn between virtue and sin, the minister in this story symbolizes the imperfect spirituality of man. The black veil that hides the face of the young priest is but the symbol of the outward representation of sin. According to Hawthorne, sin is inherent in the soul and is only veiled by the appearance of virtue. Sinfulness lies therefore deep within and separates all men from one another as the black veil separates the minister both from light and from communion with his fellows. Hawthorne therefore tackles mortal imperfection and the pervasive nature of sin in creation. Both stories emphasize the nature of human spirituality, at the very core of which sin and unlawfulness thrive.

the ethics of cloning essays

the ethics of cloning essays To Clone, Or Not To Clone? Did you ever imagine having a child that is the exact replica of you? Did you ever imagine of having the cure for heart disease or cancer? Well, these fantasies are not far from reach. The way we could reach these fantasies is through a process called cloning. Cloning is topic with which there is heated debate, and one that I feel that can be used for the better of all man kind. In this essay I will outline some of the key arguments and counter arguments surrounding this topic, as well as the advantages and the disadvantages. A very momentous argument opposing cloning is we are taking nature into our own hands by cloning animals or people. People question when we will draw the line for getting involved in natural events. Religious organizations consider nuclear transfer to cause men to be reproductively obsolete. This claim was deduced by gathering of the information that cloning requires only oocytes, any cell, and a woman to develop in. They also claim that cloning does not respect the fact that humans have souls. They also consider cloning unnatural, and say we are taking the work of God into our own hands. There is also a debate as to the moral rights of clones. Some say their rights will be defied because clones are not granted the birth of newness. That we would not receive clones with such excitement as a child of a couple who conceived naturally. If natural reproduction were to occur, genetic variation would occur. They say cloning would deprive a person of uniqueness. They argue that identical twins are not unique from each other, but that they are new in genetic variation and unique. People also wonder what mental and emotional problems would result if a clone were to find out that he or she was cloned. A major problem with the use of cloning on a large is scale is the decline in genetic diversity, and decline in gene pool. Think about it, if everyone has the same genetic material,...

The Permian-Triassic Extinction Event

The Permian-Triassic Extinction Event The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) Extinctionthe global cataclysm that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years agogets all the press, but the fact is that the mother of all global extinctions was the Permian-Triassic (P/T) Event that transpired about 250 million years ago, at the end of the Permian period. Within the space of a million years or so, over 90 percent of the earths marine organisms were rendered extinct, along with more than 70 percent of their terrestrial counterparts. In fact, as far as we know, the P/T Extinction was as close as life has ever come to being completely wiped off the planet, and it had a profound effect on the plants and animals that survived into the ensuing Triassic period. (See a list of the Earths 10 Biggest Mass Extinctions.) Before getting to the causes of the Permian-Triassic Extinction, its worth examining its effects in closer detail. The hardest-hit organisms were marine invertebrates possessing calcified shells, including corals, crinoids and ammonoids, as well as various orders of land-dwelling insects (the only time we know of that insects, usually the hardiest of survivors, have ever succumbed to a mass extinction). Granted, this may not seem very dramatic compared to the 10-ton and 100-ton  dinosaurs that went defunct after the K/T Extinction, but these invertebrates dwelt close to the bottom of the food chain, with disastrous effects for vertebrates higher up the evolutionary ladder. Terrestrial organisms (other than insects) were spared the full brunt of the Permian-Triassic Extinction, only losing two-thirds of their numbers, by species and genera. The end of the Permian period witnessed the extinction of most plus-sized amphibians and sauropsid reptiles (i.e., lizards), as well as the majority of the therapsids, or mammal-like reptiles (the scattered survivors of this group evolved into the first mammals during the ensuing Triassic period). Most anapsid reptiles also disappeared, with the exception of the ancient ancestors of modern turtles and tortoises, like Procolophon. Its uncertain how much of an effect the P/T Extinction had on diapsid reptiles, the family from which crocodiles, pterosaurs and dinosaurs evolved, but clearly a sufficient number of diapsids survived to spawn these three major reptile families millions of years later. The Permian-Triassic Extinction Was a Long, Drawn-Out Event The severity of the Permian-Triassic Extinction stands in stark contrast to the leisurely pace at which it unfolded. We know that the later K/T Extinction was precipitated by the impact of an asteroid on Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula, which spewed millions of tons of dust and ash into the air and led, within a couple of hundred (or couple of thousand) years, to the extinction of dinosaurs, pterosaurs and marine reptiles worldwide. By contrast, the P/T Extinction was much less dramatic; by some estimates, this event actually spanned as much as five million years during the late Permian period. Further complicating our assessment of the P/T Extinction, many types of animals were already on the decline before this cataclysm started in earnest. For example, pelycosaursthe family of prehistoric reptiles best represented by Dimetrodonhad mostly disappeared off the face of the earth by the early Permian period, with a few straggling survivors succumbing millions of years later. The important thing to realize is that not all extinctions at this time can be directly attributed to the P/T Event; the evidence either way is constrained by which animals happen to be preserved in the fossil record. Another important clue, the importance of which has yet to be fully adduced, is that it took an unusually long time for the earth to replenish its previous diversity: for the first couple of million years of the Triassic period, the earth was an arid wasteland, practically devoid of life! What Caused the Permian-Triassic Extinction? Now we come to the million-dollar question: what was the proximate cause of the Great Dying, as the Permian-Triassic Extinction is called by some paleontologists? The slow pace with which the process unfolded points to a variety of interrelated factors, rather than a single, global catastrophe. Scientists have proposed everything from a series of major asteroid strikes (the evidence for which would have been erased by over 200 million years of erosion) to a calamitous change in ocean chemistry, perhaps caused by the sudden release of huge methane deposits (created by decaying microorganisms) from the bottom of the sea floor. The bulk of the recent evidence points to yet another possible culprita series of gigantic volcanic eruptions in the region of Pangea that today corresponds to modern-day eastern Russia (i.e., Siberia) and northern China. According to this theory, these eruptions released a huge amount of carbon dioxide into the earths atmosphere, which gradually leached down into the oceans. The disastrous effects were threefold: acidification of the water, global warming, and (most important of all) a drastic reduction in atmospheric and marine oxygen levels, which resulted in the slow asphyxiation of most marine organisms and many terrestrial ones. Could a disaster on the scale of the Permian-Triassic Extinction ever happen again? It may well be happening right now, but in super-slow-motion: the levels of carbon dioxide in the earths atmosphere are indisputably increasing, thanks partly to our burning of fossil fuels, and life in the oceans is beginning to be affected as well (as witness the crises facing coral reef communities around the world). Its unlikely that global warming will cause human beings to go extinct anytime soon, but the prospects are less sanguine for the rest of the plants and animals with which we share the planet!

Richter Magnitude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Richter Magnitude - Essay Example Developed by Charles F. Richter in 1934, the scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake, with 0 being a very small earthquake that is generally not felt, going up to a magnitude 12, which would be like a large, miles-wide meteor hitting the earth's surface. The measurement formula in mathematical terms is "A is the amplitude, in millimeters, measured directly from the photographic paper record of the Wood-Anderson seismometer, a special type of instrument. The distance factor comes from a table that can be found in Richter's (1958) book Elementary Seismology," (Louie, J., 1996). The solution is the local magnitude of the earthquake. When measuring the magnitude of an earthquake, the difference between a magnitude seven and magnitude six earthquake is 10 times stronger, whereas the difference between a magnitude eight and magnitude six earthquake would be 100 times stronger. This is due to the logarithmic basis of the scale. "Each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude; as an estimate of energy, each whole number step in the magnitude scale corresponds to the release of about 31 times more energy than the amount associated with the preceding whole number value," (USGS, 1989). In America, many earthquakes tend to occur on the West Coast. ... An earthquake in a densely populated area which results in many deaths and considerable damage may have the same magnitude as a shock in a remote area that does nothing more than frighten the wildlife. Large-magnitude earthquakes that occur beneath the oceans may not even be felt by humans," (USGS, 1989). In the case of this earthquake in Alaska, most of the damage was due to landslides. In 1906 in San Francisco, California, an earthquake measuring 8.3 on the Richter Scale resulted in fires which caused more damage than the earthquake itself. (USGS, 1989) References Louis, J. (1996). Richter Magnitude. Seismo.unr.edu. Retrieved November 1, 2006 from http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/magnitude.html USGS. (1989). The Serverity of an Earthquake. US Government Printing Office. (1998-288-913). Retrieved November 1, 2006 from http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq4/severitygip.html

Autobiographical Transformation as a Child to an Adult Essay

Autobiographical Transformation as a Child to an Adult - Essay Example My transformation as a child to an adult was in a Toronto suburb as an only son in a family of eight. What made me grow up differently from my siblings was that I always had a carefree and, sometimes, quite reckless mindset towards life. While my seven sisters were either doing their homework or doing house chores, there I was, running up and down my neighborhood searching for stray dogs to terrorize and play football with the neighborhood children. My father, who had waited patiently for a son until I was born, always referred to me as a waste of life, although my mother always defended me. My father was adamant that I was the family’s hope but, at nine, you rarely see yourself as anyone’s hope, so our relationship was a mess. In the summer of 1996, I arrived home from school to a rude shock. My father, finally fed up, had made a decision of leaving my mother and marrying his black mistress who already had his son. When my mother refused to grant him custody of any of us, he seemed quite relieved. I could tell this because, by then, I had begun looking at people and observing their facial expressions. My father could not bear to look at us, but I always knew my mother’s housewife routine had gotten to him. This is an autobiographical paper that discussing the people, places, events, and experiences that have influenced my culture, social class, gender, religion and sexual orientation. Race Growing up as a child, my neighborhood, was predominantly white. However, some of my friends were not white; for example, my best friend’s family had emigrated from Papua New Guinea. My feelings towards racial minorities were non-existent during my childhood, as I even went to my friend’s house for dinner and â€Å"homework†. As I became older, however, I began to have a different outlook towards other races, especially African Canadians. While my attitude was not racist, I had a hard time convincing myself that not all black people were like the woman who took my father away from my mother. I met her once during a school trip to the zoo, as she clung to my father’s arm and I was afraid of talking my black friends after that. However, when I joined high school, my attitude took another turn when I met a black girl who had emigrated from Tanzania. I was amazed at how different she was from what I had envisioned black women to be growing up, and watching my mother struggle as a single mum. When I met my father’s new partner at the zoo, she had sneered at me, which had given me the impression that this was a â€Å"black thing†. However, with Aisha, she had the most loving face I had ever seen. Going to college saw me meet more black people and my attitude by then had changed to one of inclusiveness. This was brought on by my comprehension that we were all after the same things in life. Social Class When I was growing up in a middle-class suburb, my interaction with lower class citizens was lim ited to the mall and school. I remember I always had a â€Å"keep away† attitude towards them. This was informed by an incident where my sister was robbed and almost raped coming from her boyfriend’s house across the rail tracks. I remember my mother being livid that her boyfriend had not even had the courtesy to come and explain the situation. From that day, she forbids us from mixing with those â€Å"uncivilized folk†. When I was ten, my friends and I came up against a gang of youth from the ghetto as we scurried after a stray dog. While they did not beat us as they took our clothes and the little money we had, I still remember their â€Å"rich kids† taunts. I did not consider myself a rich kid at that point since my parents had to take care of eight siblings, so I began to wonder what these rich kids could have done to deserve this kind of treatment. When I joined High School, I came to the realization that the rich kids were not very different from us .

Response to The Tiger's Wife by Tea Obreht Essay

Response to The Tiger's Wife by Tea Obreht - Essay Example Upon learning their situation, she remembered her recently deceased grandfather and had a brief look of her life when â€Å"there is war† in her hometown, the Balkan City. Natalia recalled that like any other little girl, she also loved and grew up listening to her grandfather’s stories. She remembered the two stories of her grandfather with memorable mythical characters: the tiger’s wife and the deathless man. The tiger’s wife is the story of a lonely deaf and mute woman, who lived in an isolated mountain village. She was married to an abusive butcher, where in she always suffered beating. The woman was named by the villagers â€Å"the tiger’s wife† because of their malicious thinking. The woman’s affection and too much kindness to the tiger that escaped in the zoo during the war, had been maliciously mistaken by the villagers for something indecent. They thought the woman married the tiger. This rumor had led the villagers to plan fo r the killings of the tiger. However, as Natalia narrated, they were saved and protected by her grandfather. The story of the deathless man was based from the story of Natalia’s grandfather, who was a Christian married to a Muslim from Sarobor.

Qantas worlds leading long distance airways

Qantas worlds leading long distance airways The Business Case Analysis: Qantas Airways Qantas is recognized as the worlds leading long distance airways which was established in Queensland in 1920, being the second oldest airlines of the world. Today, the airways provide flight services across a network of 173 destinations in 42 countries covering all over the world with approximately 35,000 employees. The Qantas group also offers subsidiary businesses such as budget airlines, Jetstar, and other businesses in specialist services: Qantas Catering and Qantas Holidays (Qantas, 2010). To analyze the changes and challenges that Qantas confronts in the marketing today, we should identify the range of products and services available by using Marketing Mix concept. Then, we will analyze the opportunities that may be available over the next 5 to 10 year by using SWOT Analysis. Lake (n.d) indicated that the marketing mix, or called as 4 Ps, is the combination of marketing elements that are used to serve customers and company goal. The company offers are controlled by the following variables in marketing: Product, Price, Place (Distribution) and Promotion. For Qantas Airways case, their marketing mix can conclude as follow: Product Qantas offers a wide range of products and services including premium brand, Qantas, and low cost brand, Jetstar. Qantas has divided in to international and domestic flight. In term of international flights, Qantas offers first, business, premium economy and economic class, which passengers receive different services of seat, dining, and amenity collections as they paid. In case of Domestic flight, Qantas offers two travel classes: Business and Economy. Domestic inflight services include meals, snacks and audio-visual entertainment. Qantas Cityflyer provides passengers travelling between Brisbane, Adelaide, Canberra, Perth, Melbourne and Sydney added more flights and seats than other airways with extra services such as complimentary newspapers on morning and complimentary wine and beer after 4pm weekdays. Jetstar is a low cost airline in Asia-Pacific and Australia. In Australia, its operation is entirely owned by Qantas Group. In Asia, the Qantas Group has extended the brand with their investments in Jetstar Asia (based in Singapore) and Jetstar Pacific (Vietnam). As a result, Jetstars operations have covered 50 destinations across South East Asia and Asia Pacific. Moreover, Qantas also offer non-flying businesses, which are and Qantas holiday and Qantas catering, making perfect products and services for traveling customers and other airlines businesses. Price The prices of flights are different according to the distance of destinations and the class of seat customers selected. Especially, for Jetstar, its prices are competitive with other low-cost airlines that make enormous profits to the company. As its prices are versatile, customers can make a decision based on the services Airlines offered. In addition, for Qantas holiday, it also offers ‘Price Promise program that customers can get guaranteed low prices on transfers, car hire, hotel or activities when they book on Qantas.com. Qantas will match price rate and give 1000 extra points to customers who find another website which provide better rate than Qantas. Place or Distribution channel Customers can book their flights via various different channels which are Qantas.com, Telephone sales, Qantas travel Centers, Qantas airport locations and other travel agencies. Customers also can manage their flight via the website and their mobile phone. Promotion There are many kinds of promotions to encourage sales such as discount air fare, buy one ticket get one free tickets, upgrading seat and loyalty program: Frequent Flyer member. Frequent Flyer program is very popular in airlines industry. Qantas offers three levels of memberships which are Silver, Gold and platinum, excluding Bronze entry level. Each membership has different privileges: Qantas Club and business/First counters, additional kilograms for baggage allowance, point bonus, priority check in and so on. The higher membership level the better privileges members can receive and earn awards. After we identified 4 Ps for Qantas, we will analyze the SWOT analysis to better understanding the organization. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths and Weaknesses are internal factors that the company can control, while Opportunities and Threats are external possibilities which need more company efforts: support opportunities, or prevent and reduce threats. Strengths Strong corporate image Qantas is the leader airways in Australia domestic and international and renowned as the second oldest airways. Moreover, the company is outstanding in strategic markets which are Asia-pacific and Western Europe. Frequent Flyer Program Qantas Frequent Flyer program, the most popular and largest airways loyalty program in Southern part of the world, possess approximately 6.8 million customers with more than 400 partners. This is an important marketing strategy to retain customers and crate brand loyalty to new passengers. Excellent customer service Qantas is devoted to offer passenger with a wide-range of outstanding services. It employs more than 700 international customer service managers and supervisors. Over 1,600 First and Business flight attendants were selected by their product knowledge and extensive service experience and trained to offer a premium service to passengers. Also, many flight attendants are multi-lingual. They can speak a number of languages such as French, Italian, German, Korean, Japanese, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, and so on. Furthermore, Qantas also has recognition for using inflight defibrillators and also on-board airplanes provide physician kits which include medication and medication. Corporate social responsibility Qantas are worried about the concern of environment changing and are dedicated to manage its operations and development in an environmentally sustainable approach. They have launched the program ‘Fly Carbon Neutral program to evoke people concerning on reducing carbon emissions that passengers can contribute small amount of money to offset their flight emissions. The Qantas group established the Qantas Environment and Fuel Conservation group to responsible for environment issues. They have decreased aircraft noise around airports, provided suggestion on acquisition assessment of new aircraft and new businesses, applied environmentally practices and performance, and to name but few. In addition, the company also donated to support various ‘not-for-profit programs or organizations such as Great Barrier Reef Foundation, Flora and Fauna International, Clean up Australia Day, and so on. Versatile businesses Apart from its main business, Flying Activity, Qantas also has invested in non-flying activities which are food catering, travel agency, airport and aircraft engineering that enable them to increase the companys profits and represent new opportunities to its present business. A lot of flight and routes There are many routes covering worldwide provided by Qantas. Qantas group operate approximately 5300 flight a week including nearly 60 cities domestically and over 900 fights per week in 173 destinations in 42 countries. This help the Airways is recognized in many countries and expand its market share. Dual brand strategy Qantas Group can cover a wide group of customers because it offers premium brand, Qantas, and low-cost brand, Jetstar. This creativity allowed Qantas to take advantage of target budget passenger and premium travelers to boost its profits and fulfill level of operation. Weaknesses Employees relationship Qantas had conflicts with its engineers in reaching an agreement on a wage dispute earlier in 2008. However, compromise was finally completed with a predictable annual wage raised between4 to 5.8 %(Brigden, 2009). This is an important issue if it occurs again; employees will have negative trust to the company that brings negative effects to overall operations. Dependence on single market In spite of expanding to international region, Qantas still depends on the domestic market for its main revenues. This over-dependence on single market leaves the Airways vulnerable to any politics situation or economic depression and in Australia. Spiraling costs Although in 2008 Qantas group has provided strategies to reduce the impact of increasing fuel costs, it was forced to cut down other operations cost such as jobs and flight capacity to continue competitive position in the market. Opportunities Open Skies Agreement There were many efforts between Australia and other nations such as the US, New Zealand, and so on to approve an open skies agreement. As a result, it has created new opportunities to operate unrestricted capacity over any routing they choose and with as many flights as they desire in beyond markets. Asia-Pacific potential market According to Datamonitor (2009), The Asia-pacific airlines industry had been growing at a healthy rate over 2005-2008, but showed a decline in 2009. This will increase once again in 2010Experts also predicted that the industrys volume is likely to increase to 794.3 million passengers by the end of 2013, showing a compound annual growth rate of8.6% for 2008-2013 period. Therefore, there will be enormous opportunities to increase company revenues and profits. Utilization new technology Technology is improving nowadays. The Airways can utilize it in many ways including increasing the service to customers and improving aircrafts design. In November 2009, Qantas reveal the project, which will begin in the mid-2010, to renovate domestic airport check-in times for passengers at Cityflyer ports across Australia. The membership cards including intelligent chip that can transform the data inside into personal boarding passes linked to the bag tags, and allow passengers to swipe their card on a reader and pass to an easy baggage drop. Non-frequent flyers will also satisfy with major upgrades to their check-in by using hosted kiosks and rapid bag drop. Strategic Alliance The growth of strategic alliances is expected to bring about several returns including an extended route network, more frequent flights and Frequent Flyer passengers and cost and efficiency benefits. Threats Excessive competition Low-cost airlines have become the main competitor of Qantas. Craigie and Bekiaris (2010) stated that Air Asia commenced flight between the Gold Coast, Perth, Melbourne, and Kuala Lumpur. In addition, Tony Fernandes, Air Asia CEO, said that Air Asia is going to start flying into Sydney by midyear of 2010. Besides, Air Asia X also provides cheap flight to London from Kuala Lumpur. This enhanced on the whole competition in Asia-pacific and Europe region. The competitors of Qantas are not limited only Air Asia, the other low-cost airlines such as Tiger Airlines and Virgin Blue also have offered the same routes as Qantas or Jetstar. Aviation Security issue According to the event of 11 September 2001, it decreased the demand for air travel because of the raised concerns about safety issue. Then, the cost of travel was raised as a result of the requirement of arriving earlier for departure, the increased rate of delays follow-on security breaches, and new protection surcharge (Coughlin, C.C. et al, 2002). Qantas also has flights service between Australia and the US, so the airways have been affected directly by the increasing in security cost. Shortage of pilots and staff Pearson (2008) indicated that approximately 19,000 pilots will need to be trained yearly until 2026 to meet estimated demand as airways grow agreeing to International Air Transport Association (IATA). As a result, it is important to note airways regulators will confront the challenge of training pilots better and faster which need more cost to absorb. Congestion and Airport capacity issue Because the industry developed rapidly, a problem of airport capacity is possible, limiting the total number of airplanes flying to Australia as occurred in other parts of the world. All things considered, after studied both marketing mix and SWOT analysis, I would like to recommend the company to improve its operations as follows: Focus on both domestic and international markets to diversify the risk of domestic economic, politics, social situations. Offer new promotions to passengers. For example, when it nearly reaches the date the flight taken place, company should discount air fare if those flights have remained too many seats to offset the cost of operations per flights. Consider about employees relationship, providing proper training, wages or benefits and number of working hours. Use new technology and well-trained employees for improving airlines services. Find new alliances and retain the relationship of current alliances that can share benefits to the airlines. Continue ‘company social responsibility and ‘Saving Environments projects to maintain good company image. Reference List Brigden, Cathy. (2009). Journal of Industrial Relations. Unions and collective bargaining in 2008, 51(3), 365-378. Coughlin, Cletus C. et. Al. (2002). Review. Aviation Security and Terrorism: A Review of the Economic Issues, 84(5), 9-16. Craigie, J. Bekiaris, M. (2010). Money. Qantas gets cosy with AirAsia, 2(120), 16-16. Datamonitor. (2009). Airline Industry Profile: Asia-Pacific. Airline Industry Profile: Asia-Pacific, 1-32. Lake, Laura. (n.d). Developing Your Marketing-4Ps of Marketing. [Online] Available from: http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingplanandstrategy/a/marketingmix.htm [Accessed 5 May 2010]. Pearson, David. (2008). Wall Street Journal-Eastern Edition. Airlines Face Shortage of Pilots, 251(95), p. B11A. Qantas. (2010). Qantas Fact file. [Online] Available from: http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/FactFiles.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2010].